https://wiki.kerbalspaceprogram.com/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Djnekkid&feedformat=atomKerbal Space Program Wiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T09:25:44ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.29.0https://wiki.kerbalspaceprogram.com/index.php?title=Kerbin&diff=62129Kerbin2015-05-08T18:35:19Z<p>Djnekkid: /* Terminal Velocity Table */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox/Body}}<br />
<br />
'''Kerbin''' is the home planet of the [[Kerbal]]s, the location of the [[Kerbal Space Center|Space Center]], and the main focus of [[Kerbal Space Program]]. It is also the [[w:Earth|Earth]] analog for the game and has two [[moon]]s named '''[[Mun]]''' and '''[[Minmus]]'''.<br />
<br />
Kerbin is the third planet in [[orbit]] around the star [[Kerbol]]. It is the third largest [[celestial body]] that orbits Kerbol, following [[Jool]] and [[Eve]]. Jool's moon [[Tylo]] has the same radius of Kerbin, though it may be classified as larger, as the highest point on Tylo is about 5&nbsp;km higher than the highest point on Kerbin. However, Tylo has only 80% of Kerbin's mass.<br />
<br />
Reaching a stable orbit around Kerbin is one of the first milestones a player might achieve in the game. Doing so with a fuel-optimal ascent<ref>A fuel-optimal ascent is one which (a) minimizes velocity losses to gravity and [[atmosphere|atmospheric drag]] and (b) launches eastward (toward the 90 degree heading) to gain 174.5 m/s of orbital velocity for free, thanks to Kerbin's rotation.</ref> requires a [[delta-v]] of ≈4500&nbsp;m/s,<ref>See [http://forum.kerbalspaceprogram.com/showthread.php/24017-Least-delta-v-to-orbit this challenge on the forum] and a popular [http://i.imgur.com/CEZS1.png Kerbin delta-V chart]</ref> (or about 3500 if one is using Ferram Aerospace Research mod) and is the second highest value after [[Eve]]. Many interplanetary missions expend over half of their delta-V in reaching Kerbin orbit. The energy required to escape a body from a given altitude is always exactly twice the kinetic energy of a circular orbit around the body at that height, leading one observer to remark:<br />
{{Quote|If you can get your ship into orbit, you're halfway to anywhere.|Robert Heinlein|quoted on page 194 of ''A Step Farther Out'' by Jerry Pournelle}}<br />
<br />
== In-game Description ==<br />
<br />
{{Quote<br />
<br />
|A unique world, Kerbin has flat plains, soaring mountains and wide, blue oceans. Home to the Kerbals, it has just the right conditions to support a vast, seemingly undepletable population of the eager green creatures. <br><br> Reaching a stable orbit around Kerbin is one of the first things budding space programs strive for. It is said that he who can get his ship into orbit is halfway to anywhere.<br />
<br />
|Kerbal Astronomical Society}}<br />
<br />
== Topography ==<br />
[[File:Kerbin heightmap.jpg|thumb|left|Topographical representation of Kerbin's surface as of 0.18.2. Click for high resolution. by Zeroignite]]<br />
[[File:TallestMountain_small.png|thumb|left|Kerbal at Kerbin's highest peak]]<br />
Kerbin has a roughly equal distribution of surface liquid water and solid land, with polar icecaps and scattered deserts. Some of its mountains exceed 6&nbsp;km in height, with the tallest peak being 6767&nbsp;m in altitude at the coordinates 46°21'32" E 61°35'53" N. The lowest point is almost 1.4&nbsp;km deep and about 313° south-west of the Kerbal Space Center.<br />
<br />
===Craters===<br />
[[File:KerbinCraterElevation.jpg|thumb|left|Terrain model centered on one of Kerbin's most pronounced craters]]<br />
Unlike other bodies in its system, Kerbin has few visible craters because its environment would erode craters from the few meteors that avoid the gravity or surface of its large moon and survive entry. Nevertheless, some geological formations indicate that bodies have violently collided with Kerbin: two planetary features appear to be impact craters that are coincidentally separated by nearly 180 degrees. The least eroded, and therefore presumably youngest, of the two (both are in excess of 100&nbsp;km diameter) lies along the coastline. The uplift is easily visible as a series of islands, and the feature has a central peak that pokes up through the water (also known as a rebound peak.) The other, and older of the two, is near the prime meridian in the northern hemisphere and is more easily missed, but its uplift rims are visible, and it has a central rebound peak.<br />
<br />
== Biomes ==<br />
[[File:KerbinBiomeMap.png|left|thumb|The biomes on Kerbin]]<br />
Before 0.90 Kerbin was one of the few bodies with multiple [[Biomes#Kerbin|biomes]], Kerbin was second only to the Mun in number of biomes it has. Following the 0.90 update all celestial bodies have biomes. [[Science]] [[Science#Activities|experiments]] can be performed at all biomes, though Kerbin's low multipliers result in less impressive results than more distant worlds. Kerbin's biomes show a loose correlation with Earth's biomes and geographic features. Uniquely, Kerbin has 33 location biomes at KSC, these are comprised of each building and their props, the crawlerway, the flag, and KSC itself; these give a jumpstart to gathering Science points in [[Career]] mode.<br />
<br />
[[File:Kerbin Biome Map 0.90.0.png|thumb|left|Kerbin biome map as of 0.90.0]]<br />
{|<br />
|<br />
<span id="Planetary biome list"></span><br />
=== List of biomes ===<br />
* Ice Caps<br />
* Tundra<br />
* Highlands<br />
* Mountains<br />
* Grasslands<br />
* Deserts<br />
* Badlands<br />
* Shores<br />
* Water<br />
<span id="KSC location biome list"></span><br />
{{FlipBox|style=word-wrap: normal;margin: 0em 0em 0.5em; border-style: solid solid solid solid; padding: 0px; background-color: #FFFFFF; border-color:#aaaaaa; border-width:1px; width: 24em;<br />
|title=KSC location biome list<br />
|content=<br />
* [[KSC]]<br />
** [[Administration Facility|Administration]]<br />
** [[Astronaut Complex]]<br />
** Crawlerway<br />
** [[Flag Pole]]<br />
** [[Launch Pad|LaunchPad]]<br />
** [[Mission Control]]<br />
** [[Research and Development|R&D]]<br />
*** R&D Central Building<br />
*** R&D Corner Lab<br />
*** R&D Main Building<br />
*** R&D Observatory<br />
*** R&D Side Lab<br />
*** R&D Small Lab<br />
*** R&D Tanks<br />
*** R&D Wind Tunnel<br />
** [[Runway]]<br />
** [[Spaceplane Hangar|SPH]]<br />
*** SPH Main Building (Roof)<br />
*** SPH Round Tank<br />
*** SPH Tanks<br />
*** SPH Water Tower<br />
** [[Tracking Station]]<br />
*** Tracking Station Dish East<br />
*** Tracking Station Dish North<br />
*** Tracking Station Dish South<br />
*** Tracking Station Hub<br />
** [[Vehicle Assembly Building|VAB]]<br />
*** VAB Main Building (Roof)<br />
*** VAB Pod Memorial<br />
*** VAB Round Tank<br />
*** VAB Tanks<br />
}}<br />
|}<br />
== Atmosphere ==<br />
<!-- SPECULATION: Kerbin has an atmosphere of unknown composition, though Kerbin's plants and animals would not survive without O<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>, and CO<sub>2</sub>. -->Kerbin's [[atmosphere]] contains oxygen and extends to roughly 69,078 meters. Its atmosphere exponentially rarefies with altitude with a scale height of 5&nbsp;km.<ref>{{forum link|threadID=16000|threadName=&#91;KGSS&#93; Examining Kerbin's atmosphere}}</ref> The atmospheric pressure on Kerbin at an altitude expressed in meters, generally is:<br />
<br />
: <math>p_k = 1 \text{atm} \cdot e^{\frac{-altitude}{5000}}</math><br />
<br />
From Kerbin's known sea level pressure, density and temperature, it is found that the average molecular weight of its atmosphere is 29.42 kg/kmol. The only gas that can plausibly exist in large abundance, along with oxygen, to yield this molecular weight is nitrogen, with nitrogen being the majority constituent. If Kerbin were a real-life planet, it would be too small and too warm to retain a thick atmosphere.<br />
<br />
The thickness of Kerbin's atmosphere makes it suitable for [[aerobraking]] and using [[parachute]]s to save fuel during reentry and landing. Since {{Version|0.19}}, harmless supersonic and shock heating/reentry effects have been applied to objects flying above certain velocities. [[Debris]] flying in the lower atmosphere disappears once 2.5&nbsp;km from an active [[craft]], but above approx. 23&nbsp;km (where atmospheric pressure is less than 0.01&nbsp;atm) debris persists. Spent stages may continue in a stable orbit even if they are going through thick atmosphere that would destabilize the orbit of an active craft{{check version||0.24.2}}.<br />
<br />
The following table gives approximation of terminal velocities at different Kerbin altitudes, which are also the velocities at which a ship should travel for a fuel-optimal vertical ascent from Kerbin, given the game's model of atmospheric drag.<ref>http://forum.kerbalspaceprogram.com/showthread.php/6664-Mini-challenge-max-altitude-with-this-supplied-spacecraft?p=100912&viewfull=1#post100912</ref> The optimal velocity after a [[gravity turn]] has been started is less than the corresponding value in the table.<ref>http://www.reddit.com/r/KerbalSpaceProgram/comments/1kov5z/a_handy_chart_i_made_for_the_most_efficient/cbrdvuo</ref><br />
<br />
===Terminal Velocity Table===<br />
The following is taken from a mk1 cockpit, with a mk16 parachute in a 90 degree dive<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Altitude (m) !! Velocity (m/s)<br />
|-<br />
| 500 || 171<br />
|-<br />
| 1000 || 177<br />
|-<br />
| 1500 || 185<br />
|-<br />
| 2000 || 190<br />
|-<br />
| 3000 || 205<br />
|-<br />
| 4000 || 220<br />
|-<br />
| 5000 || 235<br />
|-<br />
| 6000 || 250<br />
|-<br />
| 7000 || 260<br />
|-<br />
| 8000 || 266<br />
|-<br />
| 9000 || 280<br />
|-<br />
| 10000 || 310<br />
|-<br />
| 12500 || 375<br />
|-<br />
| 15000 || 400<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Orbits ==<br />
[[File:Sputnik in Kerbin's orbit.png|thumbnail|left|A Stayputnik MK2 satellite]]<br />
A [[synchronous orbit]] is achieved with a semi-major axis of {{OrbitAltitude|b=Kerbin|f=k|3=0}}. [[KEO|Kerbisynchronous Equatorial Orbit (KEO)]] has a circularly uniform altitude of {{OrbitAltitude|b=Kerbin|f=k}} and a speed of {{OrbitVelocity|b=Kerbin}}. From a 70&nbsp;km low equatorial orbit, the periapsis maneuver requires 676.5&nbsp;m/s and the apoapsis maneuver requires 434.9&nbsp;m/s. A syncronous [[w:Tundra orbit|Tundra orbit]] with eccentricity of 0.2864 and inclination of 63 degrees is achieved at 3799.7/1937.7 km. Inclination correlates with eccentricity: higher inclined orbits need to be more eccentric, while equatorial orbit may be circular, essentially KEO.<br />
<br />
A [[w:semi-synchronous orbit|semi-synchronous orbit]] with an orbital period of ½ of Kerbin's rotation period (2 h 59 m 34.7 s or 10774.7 seconds) is achieved at an altitude of {{OrbitAltitude|b=Kerbin|f=k|pf=1/2}} with an orbital velocity of {{OrbitVelocity|b=Kerbin|pf=1/2}}. A semi-syncronous [[w:Molniya orbit|Molniya orbit]] with eccentricity of 0.742<ref>“[http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/AstronNotes/Orbits0.HTM Some Major Orbit Types]” uses that, [[w:Molniya orbit#References|the Wikipedia article]] mentions 0.74105, and “[http://www.eumetcal.org/euromet/english/satmet/s3220/s3220332.htm Orbital Parameters of a Molniya Orbit]” uses 0.72.</ref> and inclination of 63 degrees can not be achieved, because the periapsis would be 36&nbsp;km below the ground. The highest eccentricity of a semi-synchronous orbit with a periapsis of 70&nbsp;km is 0.693<!---389102957193457747187874683092468355009655955115825698569= (1585.18 + 600-670)/(1585.18 + 600)--> with an apoapsis of 3100.36<!-- (1585.18+600)*2-670-600 -->&nbsp;km.<br />
<br />
The [[w:Hill sphere|Hill sphere]] (the radius around the planet at which moons are gravitationally stable) of Kerbin is 136 185&nbsp;km, or roughly 227 Kerbin radii.<br />
<div style="clear:left;"></div><br />
<br />
== Interplanetary Travel ==<br />
<br />
From the lowest stable orbit around Kerbin (70&nbsp;km), the amount of delta-V needed to reach the orbits of other celestials is:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Body<br />
!Delta-V<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mun]]<br />
| ~860&nbsp;m/s<br />
|-<br />
| [[Minmus]]<br />
| ~930&nbsp;m/s<br />
|-<br />
| [[Eve]]<br />
| ~1033&nbsp;m/s<br />
|-<br />
| [[Duna]]<br />
| ~1060&nbsp;m/s<br />
|-<br />
| [[Moho]]<br />
| ~1676&nbsp;m/s<br />
|-<br />
| [[Jool]]<br />
| ~1915&nbsp;m/s<br />
|-<br />
| [[Eeloo]]<br />
| ~2100&nbsp;m/s<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kerbol]] escape<br />
| ~2740&nbsp;m/s<br />
|}<br />
<br />
For comparison, the Δv required to reach [[KEO|geostationary Kerbin orbit]] from [[LKO]] is 1.12 km/s<br />
<br />
== Reference Frames ==<br />
{{:Kerbin/RefFrame}}<br />
<br />
== Gallery ==<br />
<gallery><br />
Kerbin ISA Topo 0 21.jpg |Topographical map of Kerbin as of {{version|0.21}}<br />
Kerbin map from 0.14.jpg | A projection map of Kerbin, as of {{version|0.14.1|}} and before (including the old demo).<br />
Kerbin color.png | An accurate full-colour projection map of Kerbin as of {{version|0.14.2|}} to {{version|0.17.1|}}<br />
KerbinDeltaVMap.png | A map displaying the delta V needed from/to Kerbin<br />
Kerbin_mun_minmus.jpg | Kerbin, Mün and Minmus.<br />
Kerbin,_Mun,_and_Minmus.jpeg | Kerbin with its two natural satellites, the Mun and Minmus, seen from KEO. Minmus can be seen just above the horizon of Kerbin on the left side of the picture.<br />
kerbin map 800.gif | A topographic heightmap of Kerbin made with the ISA MapSat plugin<br />
Kerbinmun500550km.png | Kerbin and the Mun, barely visible from ~500,550,000m<br />
Kerbin ISA Topo.png | Topographical image of Kerbin '''from 0.17.1'''. The terrain is slightly different in the latest version.<ref>http://forum.kerbalspaceprogram.com/entry.php/247-A-Brave-New-World</ref><br />
Kerbin r0 1.png | An unmanned probe on escape trajectory, flying past Kerbin, Mün and Minmus<br />
KerbalPolar1.png | Kerbin's North Pole<br />
Solar eclipse in LKO.jpg | A solar eclipse from low Kerbin orbit (LKO).<br />
MunarOrbit.png | Kerbin as seen from munar orbit.<br />
ModifiedKerbin.png | Kerbin modified with some texture mods.<br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
{{SpoilerBox<br />
|description=Spoiler images<br />
|content=<gallery><br />
Kermmunist_Launch_Site.png | The second launch site (currently unused).<br />
KEasterEgg.png | Kerbin from above with the Runway Easter Egg<br />
<br />
</gallery>}}<br />
<br />
== Changes ==<br />
;[[0.90]]<br />
* Added biomes<br />
;[[0.22]]<br />
*Biomes added.<br />
;[[0.21]]<br />
*Terrain revised to produce more detailed and interesting landforms.<br />
;[[0.19.1]]<br />
*Fixed ladders on the fuel tanks near the launchpad.<br />
;{{Version|0.19|}}<br />
*New mesh for the launchpad and area (no launchtower anymore).<br />
*New mesh for the runway, with lights and sloping edges for rovers.<br />
;[[0.18]]<br />
*Terrain overhaul: Entire planet redo. Deserts, darker and greener grass, islands, darker ocean/water, snow capped mountains. Looks more realistic.<br />
*Several [[List of easter eggs|Easter Eggs]] added.<br />
*Airport added to island off of KSC coastline. (Not a launching point)<br />
;{{Version|0.17|}}<br />
* Improved atmosphere visuals. <br />
;[[0.15]]<br />
* [[Minmus]] added.<br />
;{{Version|0.14.2|}}<br />
* Much more varied and taller terrain added. Prior to this, some mountain ranges exceeded 600 m in height, but the tallest point was at an altitude of approximately 900 m.<br />
;{{Version|0.12|}}<br />
* [[Mün]] added.<br />
;{{Version|0.11|}}<br />
* Terrain overhaul, oceans became wet.<br />
;{{Version|0.10.1|}}<br />
* Atmosphere extended from ~34,500 m to ~69,000 m.<br />
;[[0.7.3]]<br />
* Initial Release<br />
<br />
== Trivia ==<br />
Kerbin's continents are derived from libnoise,<ref>http://libnoise.sourceforge.net/examples/complexplanet/</ref> a coherent noise generating library, though they have been increasingly modified with time.<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{{Celestial Bodies}}<br />
[[Category:Celestials]]<br />
[[Category:Planets]]</div>Djnekkidhttps://wiki.kerbalspaceprogram.com/index.php?title=Kerbin&diff=62128Kerbin2015-05-08T18:33:28Z<p>Djnekkid: /* Terminal Velocity Table */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox/Body}}<br />
<br />
'''Kerbin''' is the home planet of the [[Kerbal]]s, the location of the [[Kerbal Space Center|Space Center]], and the main focus of [[Kerbal Space Program]]. It is also the [[w:Earth|Earth]] analog for the game and has two [[moon]]s named '''[[Mun]]''' and '''[[Minmus]]'''.<br />
<br />
Kerbin is the third planet in [[orbit]] around the star [[Kerbol]]. It is the third largest [[celestial body]] that orbits Kerbol, following [[Jool]] and [[Eve]]. Jool's moon [[Tylo]] has the same radius of Kerbin, though it may be classified as larger, as the highest point on Tylo is about 5&nbsp;km higher than the highest point on Kerbin. However, Tylo has only 80% of Kerbin's mass.<br />
<br />
Reaching a stable orbit around Kerbin is one of the first milestones a player might achieve in the game. Doing so with a fuel-optimal ascent<ref>A fuel-optimal ascent is one which (a) minimizes velocity losses to gravity and [[atmosphere|atmospheric drag]] and (b) launches eastward (toward the 90 degree heading) to gain 174.5 m/s of orbital velocity for free, thanks to Kerbin's rotation.</ref> requires a [[delta-v]] of ≈4500&nbsp;m/s,<ref>See [http://forum.kerbalspaceprogram.com/showthread.php/24017-Least-delta-v-to-orbit this challenge on the forum] and a popular [http://i.imgur.com/CEZS1.png Kerbin delta-V chart]</ref> (or about 3500 if one is using Ferram Aerospace Research mod) and is the second highest value after [[Eve]]. Many interplanetary missions expend over half of their delta-V in reaching Kerbin orbit. The energy required to escape a body from a given altitude is always exactly twice the kinetic energy of a circular orbit around the body at that height, leading one observer to remark:<br />
{{Quote|If you can get your ship into orbit, you're halfway to anywhere.|Robert Heinlein|quoted on page 194 of ''A Step Farther Out'' by Jerry Pournelle}}<br />
<br />
== In-game Description ==<br />
<br />
{{Quote<br />
<br />
|A unique world, Kerbin has flat plains, soaring mountains and wide, blue oceans. Home to the Kerbals, it has just the right conditions to support a vast, seemingly undepletable population of the eager green creatures. <br><br> Reaching a stable orbit around Kerbin is one of the first things budding space programs strive for. It is said that he who can get his ship into orbit is halfway to anywhere.<br />
<br />
|Kerbal Astronomical Society}}<br />
<br />
== Topography ==<br />
[[File:Kerbin heightmap.jpg|thumb|left|Topographical representation of Kerbin's surface as of 0.18.2. Click for high resolution. by Zeroignite]]<br />
[[File:TallestMountain_small.png|thumb|left|Kerbal at Kerbin's highest peak]]<br />
Kerbin has a roughly equal distribution of surface liquid water and solid land, with polar icecaps and scattered deserts. Some of its mountains exceed 6&nbsp;km in height, with the tallest peak being 6767&nbsp;m in altitude at the coordinates 46°21'32" E 61°35'53" N. The lowest point is almost 1.4&nbsp;km deep and about 313° south-west of the Kerbal Space Center.<br />
<br />
===Craters===<br />
[[File:KerbinCraterElevation.jpg|thumb|left|Terrain model centered on one of Kerbin's most pronounced craters]]<br />
Unlike other bodies in its system, Kerbin has few visible craters because its environment would erode craters from the few meteors that avoid the gravity or surface of its large moon and survive entry. Nevertheless, some geological formations indicate that bodies have violently collided with Kerbin: two planetary features appear to be impact craters that are coincidentally separated by nearly 180 degrees. The least eroded, and therefore presumably youngest, of the two (both are in excess of 100&nbsp;km diameter) lies along the coastline. The uplift is easily visible as a series of islands, and the feature has a central peak that pokes up through the water (also known as a rebound peak.) The other, and older of the two, is near the prime meridian in the northern hemisphere and is more easily missed, but its uplift rims are visible, and it has a central rebound peak.<br />
<br />
== Biomes ==<br />
[[File:KerbinBiomeMap.png|left|thumb|The biomes on Kerbin]]<br />
Before 0.90 Kerbin was one of the few bodies with multiple [[Biomes#Kerbin|biomes]], Kerbin was second only to the Mun in number of biomes it has. Following the 0.90 update all celestial bodies have biomes. [[Science]] [[Science#Activities|experiments]] can be performed at all biomes, though Kerbin's low multipliers result in less impressive results than more distant worlds. Kerbin's biomes show a loose correlation with Earth's biomes and geographic features. Uniquely, Kerbin has 33 location biomes at KSC, these are comprised of each building and their props, the crawlerway, the flag, and KSC itself; these give a jumpstart to gathering Science points in [[Career]] mode.<br />
<br />
[[File:Kerbin Biome Map 0.90.0.png|thumb|left|Kerbin biome map as of 0.90.0]]<br />
{|<br />
|<br />
<span id="Planetary biome list"></span><br />
=== List of biomes ===<br />
* Ice Caps<br />
* Tundra<br />
* Highlands<br />
* Mountains<br />
* Grasslands<br />
* Deserts<br />
* Badlands<br />
* Shores<br />
* Water<br />
<span id="KSC location biome list"></span><br />
{{FlipBox|style=word-wrap: normal;margin: 0em 0em 0.5em; border-style: solid solid solid solid; padding: 0px; background-color: #FFFFFF; border-color:#aaaaaa; border-width:1px; width: 24em;<br />
|title=KSC location biome list<br />
|content=<br />
* [[KSC]]<br />
** [[Administration Facility|Administration]]<br />
** [[Astronaut Complex]]<br />
** Crawlerway<br />
** [[Flag Pole]]<br />
** [[Launch Pad|LaunchPad]]<br />
** [[Mission Control]]<br />
** [[Research and Development|R&D]]<br />
*** R&D Central Building<br />
*** R&D Corner Lab<br />
*** R&D Main Building<br />
*** R&D Observatory<br />
*** R&D Side Lab<br />
*** R&D Small Lab<br />
*** R&D Tanks<br />
*** R&D Wind Tunnel<br />
** [[Runway]]<br />
** [[Spaceplane Hangar|SPH]]<br />
*** SPH Main Building (Roof)<br />
*** SPH Round Tank<br />
*** SPH Tanks<br />
*** SPH Water Tower<br />
** [[Tracking Station]]<br />
*** Tracking Station Dish East<br />
*** Tracking Station Dish North<br />
*** Tracking Station Dish South<br />
*** Tracking Station Hub<br />
** [[Vehicle Assembly Building|VAB]]<br />
*** VAB Main Building (Roof)<br />
*** VAB Pod Memorial<br />
*** VAB Round Tank<br />
*** VAB Tanks<br />
}}<br />
|}<br />
== Atmosphere ==<br />
<!-- SPECULATION: Kerbin has an atmosphere of unknown composition, though Kerbin's plants and animals would not survive without O<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>, and CO<sub>2</sub>. -->Kerbin's [[atmosphere]] contains oxygen and extends to roughly 69,078 meters. Its atmosphere exponentially rarefies with altitude with a scale height of 5&nbsp;km.<ref>{{forum link|threadID=16000|threadName=&#91;KGSS&#93; Examining Kerbin's atmosphere}}</ref> The atmospheric pressure on Kerbin at an altitude expressed in meters, generally is:<br />
<br />
: <math>p_k = 1 \text{atm} \cdot e^{\frac{-altitude}{5000}}</math><br />
<br />
From Kerbin's known sea level pressure, density and temperature, it is found that the average molecular weight of its atmosphere is 29.42 kg/kmol. The only gas that can plausibly exist in large abundance, along with oxygen, to yield this molecular weight is nitrogen, with nitrogen being the majority constituent. If Kerbin were a real-life planet, it would be too small and too warm to retain a thick atmosphere.<br />
<br />
The thickness of Kerbin's atmosphere makes it suitable for [[aerobraking]] and using [[parachute]]s to save fuel during reentry and landing. Since {{Version|0.19}}, harmless supersonic and shock heating/reentry effects have been applied to objects flying above certain velocities. [[Debris]] flying in the lower atmosphere disappears once 2.5&nbsp;km from an active [[craft]], but above approx. 23&nbsp;km (where atmospheric pressure is less than 0.01&nbsp;atm) debris persists. Spent stages may continue in a stable orbit even if they are going through thick atmosphere that would destabilize the orbit of an active craft{{check version||0.24.2}}.<br />
<br />
The following table gives approximation of terminal velocities at different Kerbin altitudes, which are also the velocities at which a ship should travel for a fuel-optimal vertical ascent from Kerbin, given the game's model of atmospheric drag.<ref>http://forum.kerbalspaceprogram.com/showthread.php/6664-Mini-challenge-max-altitude-with-this-supplied-spacecraft?p=100912&viewfull=1#post100912</ref> The optimal velocity after a [[gravity turn]] has been started is less than the corresponding value in the table.<ref>http://www.reddit.com/r/KerbalSpaceProgram/comments/1kov5z/a_handy_chart_i_made_for_the_most_efficient/cbrdvuo</ref><br />
<br />
===Terminal Velocity Table===<br />
The following is taken from a mk1 cockpit, with a mk16 parachute in a 90 degree dive<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Altitude (m) !! Velocity (m/s)<br />
|-<br />
| 500 || 171<br />
|-<br />
| 1000 || 177<br />
|-<br />
| 1500 || 185<br />
|-<br />
| 2000 || 190<br />
|-<br />
| 3000 || 205<br />
|-<br />
| 4000 || 220<br />
|-<br />
| 5000 || 235<br />
|-<br />
| 6000 || 250<br />
|-<br />
| 7000 || 260<br />
|-<br />
| 8000 || 266<br />
|-<br />
| 9000 || 280<br />
|-<br />
| 10000 || 310<br />
|-<br />
| 12500 || 375<br />
|-<br />
| 15000 || 400<br />
|-<br />
<br />
== Orbits ==<br />
[[File:Sputnik in Kerbin's orbit.png|thumbnail|left|A Stayputnik MK2 satellite]]<br />
A [[synchronous orbit]] is achieved with a semi-major axis of {{OrbitAltitude|b=Kerbin|f=k|3=0}}. [[KEO|Kerbisynchronous Equatorial Orbit (KEO)]] has a circularly uniform altitude of {{OrbitAltitude|b=Kerbin|f=k}} and a speed of {{OrbitVelocity|b=Kerbin}}. From a 70&nbsp;km low equatorial orbit, the periapsis maneuver requires 676.5&nbsp;m/s and the apoapsis maneuver requires 434.9&nbsp;m/s. A syncronous [[w:Tundra orbit|Tundra orbit]] with eccentricity of 0.2864 and inclination of 63 degrees is achieved at 3799.7/1937.7 km. Inclination correlates with eccentricity: higher inclined orbits need to be more eccentric, while equatorial orbit may be circular, essentially KEO.<br />
<br />
A [[w:semi-synchronous orbit|semi-synchronous orbit]] with an orbital period of ½ of Kerbin's rotation period (2 h 59 m 34.7 s or 10774.7 seconds) is achieved at an altitude of {{OrbitAltitude|b=Kerbin|f=k|pf=1/2}} with an orbital velocity of {{OrbitVelocity|b=Kerbin|pf=1/2}}. A semi-syncronous [[w:Molniya orbit|Molniya orbit]] with eccentricity of 0.742<ref>“[http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/AstronNotes/Orbits0.HTM Some Major Orbit Types]” uses that, [[w:Molniya orbit#References|the Wikipedia article]] mentions 0.74105, and “[http://www.eumetcal.org/euromet/english/satmet/s3220/s3220332.htm Orbital Parameters of a Molniya Orbit]” uses 0.72.</ref> and inclination of 63 degrees can not be achieved, because the periapsis would be 36&nbsp;km below the ground. The highest eccentricity of a semi-synchronous orbit with a periapsis of 70&nbsp;km is 0.693<!---389102957193457747187874683092468355009655955115825698569= (1585.18 + 600-670)/(1585.18 + 600)--> with an apoapsis of 3100.36<!-- (1585.18+600)*2-670-600 -->&nbsp;km.<br />
<br />
The [[w:Hill sphere|Hill sphere]] (the radius around the planet at which moons are gravitationally stable) of Kerbin is 136 185&nbsp;km, or roughly 227 Kerbin radii.<br />
<div style="clear:left;"></div><br />
<br />
== Interplanetary Travel ==<br />
<br />
From the lowest stable orbit around Kerbin (70&nbsp;km), the amount of delta-V needed to reach the orbits of other celestials is:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Body<br />
!Delta-V<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mun]]<br />
| ~860&nbsp;m/s<br />
|-<br />
| [[Minmus]]<br />
| ~930&nbsp;m/s<br />
|-<br />
| [[Eve]]<br />
| ~1033&nbsp;m/s<br />
|-<br />
| [[Duna]]<br />
| ~1060&nbsp;m/s<br />
|-<br />
| [[Moho]]<br />
| ~1676&nbsp;m/s<br />
|-<br />
| [[Jool]]<br />
| ~1915&nbsp;m/s<br />
|-<br />
| [[Eeloo]]<br />
| ~2100&nbsp;m/s<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kerbol]] escape<br />
| ~2740&nbsp;m/s<br />
|}<br />
<br />
For comparison, the Δv required to reach [[KEO|geostationary Kerbin orbit]] from [[LKO]] is 1.12 km/s<br />
<br />
== Reference Frames ==<br />
{{:Kerbin/RefFrame}}<br />
<br />
== Gallery ==<br />
<gallery><br />
Kerbin ISA Topo 0 21.jpg |Topographical map of Kerbin as of {{version|0.21}}<br />
Kerbin map from 0.14.jpg | A projection map of Kerbin, as of {{version|0.14.1|}} and before (including the old demo).<br />
Kerbin color.png | An accurate full-colour projection map of Kerbin as of {{version|0.14.2|}} to {{version|0.17.1|}}<br />
KerbinDeltaVMap.png | A map displaying the delta V needed from/to Kerbin<br />
Kerbin_mun_minmus.jpg | Kerbin, Mün and Minmus.<br />
Kerbin,_Mun,_and_Minmus.jpeg | Kerbin with its two natural satellites, the Mun and Minmus, seen from KEO. Minmus can be seen just above the horizon of Kerbin on the left side of the picture.<br />
kerbin map 800.gif | A topographic heightmap of Kerbin made with the ISA MapSat plugin<br />
Kerbinmun500550km.png | Kerbin and the Mun, barely visible from ~500,550,000m<br />
Kerbin ISA Topo.png | Topographical image of Kerbin '''from 0.17.1'''. The terrain is slightly different in the latest version.<ref>http://forum.kerbalspaceprogram.com/entry.php/247-A-Brave-New-World</ref><br />
Kerbin r0 1.png | An unmanned probe on escape trajectory, flying past Kerbin, Mün and Minmus<br />
KerbalPolar1.png | Kerbin's North Pole<br />
Solar eclipse in LKO.jpg | A solar eclipse from low Kerbin orbit (LKO).<br />
MunarOrbit.png | Kerbin as seen from munar orbit.<br />
ModifiedKerbin.png | Kerbin modified with some texture mods.<br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
{{SpoilerBox<br />
|description=Spoiler images<br />
|content=<gallery><br />
Kermmunist_Launch_Site.png | The second launch site (currently unused).<br />
KEasterEgg.png | Kerbin from above with the Runway Easter Egg<br />
<br />
</gallery>}}<br />
<br />
== Changes ==<br />
;[[0.90]]<br />
* Added biomes<br />
;[[0.22]]<br />
*Biomes added.<br />
;[[0.21]]<br />
*Terrain revised to produce more detailed and interesting landforms.<br />
;[[0.19.1]]<br />
*Fixed ladders on the fuel tanks near the launchpad.<br />
;{{Version|0.19|}}<br />
*New mesh for the launchpad and area (no launchtower anymore).<br />
*New mesh for the runway, with lights and sloping edges for rovers.<br />
;[[0.18]]<br />
*Terrain overhaul: Entire planet redo. Deserts, darker and greener grass, islands, darker ocean/water, snow capped mountains. Looks more realistic.<br />
*Several [[List of easter eggs|Easter Eggs]] added.<br />
*Airport added to island off of KSC coastline. (Not a launching point)<br />
;{{Version|0.17|}}<br />
* Improved atmosphere visuals. <br />
;[[0.15]]<br />
* [[Minmus]] added.<br />
;{{Version|0.14.2|}}<br />
* Much more varied and taller terrain added. Prior to this, some mountain ranges exceeded 600 m in height, but the tallest point was at an altitude of approximately 900 m.<br />
;{{Version|0.12|}}<br />
* [[Mün]] added.<br />
;{{Version|0.11|}}<br />
* Terrain overhaul, oceans became wet.<br />
;{{Version|0.10.1|}}<br />
* Atmosphere extended from ~34,500 m to ~69,000 m.<br />
;[[0.7.3]]<br />
* Initial Release<br />
<br />
== Trivia ==<br />
Kerbin's continents are derived from libnoise,<ref>http://libnoise.sourceforge.net/examples/complexplanet/</ref> a coherent noise generating library, though they have been increasingly modified with time.<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{{Celestial Bodies}}<br />
[[Category:Celestials]]<br />
[[Category:Planets]]</div>Djnekkidhttps://wiki.kerbalspaceprogram.com/index.php?title=Duna&diff=3931Duna2012-09-22T09:00:49Z<p>Djnekkid: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Duna_map.png|thumb|Duna from the map view.]]<br />
[[File:Duna.png|thumb|Duna from orbit, during Ikeset.]]<br />
[[File:DunaSurface.png|thumb|Duna's surface at Dawn.]]<br />
[[File:Duna_isa_mapsat.png|thumb|right|An incomplete topographic map of Duna made with the ISA MapSat plugin]]<br />
'''Duna''' is the fourth planet of the [[Kerbol]]ar star system. It is the Mars analog for Kerbal Space Program and is mostly red with polar icecaps.<br />
<br />
== Characteristics ==<br />
<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radius Equatorial Radius]: 320km<br />
<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass Mass]: 4.5149569e21kg<br />
<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density Density]: 32.893877139e12 kg/km^3<br />
<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume Volume]: 137.258277e^15m^3<br />
<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_gravity Surface Gravity]: ~2.94m/s²<br />
<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gravitational_parameter Gravitational parameter]: 301.321km³/s²<br />
<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_velocity Escape velocity] from surface: 1372.3m/s<br />
<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_period Sidereal Rotation Period]: ... hours; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation Rotation]: ... [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle) degrees] per hour, or ... m/s at the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equator equator]<br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_day Solar Day]: 18 hours, 3 minutes, 11 seconds.<br />
<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit Synchronous Orbit] altitude: 2865,5 km; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationary_orbit Stationary Orbit] velocity: ... m/s<br />
<br />
== Orbital Characteristics ==<br />
<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_(geometry) Parent Body]: [[Kerbol]]<br />
<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-major_axis Semi-Major Axis]: 20,726,194.5km or ... [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit Astronomical Units (A.U.)]<br />
<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_speed Velocity]: ~7530.65 m/s (average determined by velocity at Apobol and velocity at Peribol.)<br />
<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude_of_the_ascending_node Longitude of Ascending Node]: ...°<br />
<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_of_periapsis Argument of Periapsis]: ...° <br />
<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_anomaly Mean Anomaly] at [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy) Epoch] UT = ...<br />
<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_period Orbital Period]: 4,809.6 hours, or 200.4 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth Earth] days<br />
<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere_of_influence_%28astrodynamics%29 Sphere of influence]: 47,921 km<br />
<br />
== Topography ==<br />
<br />
Duna is a iron-rich planet which has greatly varying land altitude, the consequence of which is very difficult judgment of a safe landing position. Its mountainous ranges are a peril to landing craft, especially considering the thin atmosphere, where very little aerobraking can be done safely. It is important to slow one's ship down before coming into the atmosphere, to ensure a safe decent. Its two poles are very expansive and are the result of a thin atmosphere.<br />
<br />
== Atmosphere ==<br />
Duna's atmosphere begins at approximately 41km. Parachutes work with a slightly lower efficiency, making powered descent a required step of landing on the surface from orbit (unless your craft is just a pod with a parachute).<br />
<br />
== Natural Satellites ==<br />
<br />
Duna's only natural satellite is the moon [[Ike]].<br />
<br />
== See Also ==<br />
* [[Universe]]<br />
* [[Star]]<br />
* [[Moon]]<br />
* [[Asteroid]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Refrence ==<br />
I did the stationary calculation on [http://www.ajdesigner.com/phpgravity/keplers_law_equation_period.php this site], imputing the mass of the planet, and trial and error on the orbital radi. It is untested, so it might be wrong. (3185,5 km orbit gave the same ammount of seconds the plant day is, minus the radi' of the planet). It seems that the dunasync orbit is exactly the same as kerbins :)<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Celestial Bodies}}<br />
[[Category:Celestials]]</div>Djnekkid