Spaceplane
A spaceplane is a hybrid of a plane and a rocket, capable of both flying in an atmosphere using wings, and moving outside of it using reaction engines.
Contents
Construction
Spaceplanes are usually built in the Space Plane Hangar and launched from the runway, although some are launched from the launchpad, often using a rocket to get it into space.
Various pre-built stock spaceplanes are available, although only the Aeris 4A has the means to reach space.
Propulsion methods
Commonly jet engines are used for fuel efficient propulsion in the atmospheres of Kerbin and Laythe. In space or oxygen-free atmospheres, some kind of reaction engine has to be used. Sometimes jet engines are completely replaced by reaction engines to simplify construction, while still being able to propel the craft anywhere. However, a plane with only jet engines cannot reach a stable orbit, because the engines will cease to work when leaving the atmosphere. It is still possible to achieve a high apoapsis though, as long as the acceleration takes place while still in the atmosphere.
Maneuvering methods
Maneuvering inside any atmosphere is usually done using winglets, control surfaces and/or reaction wheels, but RCS is also sometimes used in extreme situations. In space, maneuvering has to be done solely with RCS and reaction wheels. SAS is commonly used to keep a constant attitude while in atmosphere, as the spaceplane will otherwise keep tilting if the center of mass isn't exactly in the same position as the center of lift.
Landing methods
Landing is often done using only the landing gear, which was also used during takeoff. It is possible to use parachutes or rocket engines (such as the Sepratron I) to slow down, in addition to the gear's built-in brakes. However, in case of an emergency or lack of a good landing spot, the command module (if manned) can be separated, slowed down and landed safely using only parachutes. This requires a somewhat dense atmosphere though.
Landing
On a runway
On Kerbin, two runways exist on which spaceplanes can be landed. The first one is located at KSC, where most spaceplanes are also launched. It is quite long and wide, and even if an approach fails, landing is still possible on the flat surrounding area. The second runway, located at the Insular Airfield, is a grass landing strip, much shorter and narrower than the KSC runway, making it a more difficult target.
Elsewhere
Landing somewhere else than on a runway is possible if the terrain is flat enough. Most celestial bodies have rather flat areas, although one has to be careful not to head for occasional mountain ranges, cliffs or craters. The terrain on smaller bodies, especially on the Mun, is usually rougher than on larger ones, making landings there more difficult.
Purposes
- Refueling space stations in orbit around Kerbin
- Landing on Kerbin with the possibility to reuse the craft
- Landing on and taking off from other bodies with an atmosphere, such as Laythe, Duna or Eve
See also
- Spaceplane on Wikipedia
