CommNet

CommNet is a relay and control communication system implemented first in KSP 1.2 pre-release. With CommNet enabled (as a difficulty setting), antennae have limited range from which control and transmission of science data is possible. Vessels without a Pilot require a link to a control source for full control (valid control sources are a vessel with an operational Probe Control Point, or more commonly the Deep Space Network). Locations may be linked either through a direct connection or indirectly via one or more relays.

Deep Space Network

The Deep Space Network (DSN) is the array of CommNet groundstations on Kerbin, including the Tracking Station at the Kerbal Space Center and (depending on your difficulty settings) various antennae scattered over the planet's surface.

The following table lists the maximum range for vessels with a single antenna signaling the Deep Space Network (note these change with Range Modifier in CommNet difficulty options):

Antenna Type		Tracking Station Level (Rating)
		1 (2G)	2 (50G)	3 (250G)
5k	Command pods (Built-in)	3.16Mm (25% way to Mun)	15.81Mm (Mun)	35.36Mm (75% way to Minmus)
500k	Communotron 16 / 16-S BG: Control Station	31.62Mm (67% way to Minmus)	158.11Mm (Kerbin SOI)	353.55Mm (Kerbin SOI)
5M	HG-5 High Gain	100Mm (Minmus)	500Mm (Interplanetary around Kerbin)	1.12Gm (Interplanetary around Kerbin)
2G	DTS-M1 / RA-2 MPO built-in antenna	2Gm (Interplanetary around Kerbin)	10Gm (Moho, Eve & Duna when close)	22.36Gm (Always Moho, usually Eve, Duna if close)
10G	BG: HG-48	4.47Gm (Interplanetary around Kerbin)	22.36Gm (Always Moho, usually Eve, Duna if close)	50Gm (Always Moho, Eve, & Duna; Dres if close)
15G	HG-55 / RA-15	5.48Gm (Eve when close)	27.39Gm (Always Moho & Eve, Duna & Dres if close)	61.24Gm (Dres, Jool & Eeloo if close, others always)
100G	Communotron 88-88 / RA-100	14.14Gm (Moho, Eve & Duna when close)	70.71Gm (Jool & Eeloo if close, others always)	158.11Gm (all bodies always)

Range calculation

Individual vessels do not have a fixed maximum range: whether a connection is possible between two vessels that are a given distance apart depends on the transmission strength of the vessels at both ends of the connection. Each antenna has a "power rating", measured as a unitless number, which contributes to the overall power rating of the vessel it is attached to. A connection can be established between two vessels when the geometric mean of their power ratings is greater than their separation as measured in meters. This is calculated as follows:

$MaximumRange={\sqrt {Vessel_{1}\times Vessel_{2}}}$

Where:

• $MaximumRange$ is the maximum distance in meters at which two vessels can connect with each other.
• $Vessel_{1}$ and $Vessel_{2}$ are the power ratings for the vessels that are attempting to connect to each other.

Power ratings for antennae range from 5k for the integrated antenna available in every Command module, to 100G for the largest dishes. Kerbin's Deep Space Network can be treated as a vessel with a rating of 2G/50G/250G (depending on the level of the Tracking Station) for the purposes of calculating range.

If (by difficulty setting) there is only one tracking station, a ship must depend on a CommNet relay manally placed around Kerbin, here are the maximal ranges between antennae.

	5k	36K†	500k	5M	2G‡	10G	15G	50G‡	100G	250G‡
5k	5km
36k†	13.4Km	36Km
500k	50km	134.2Km	500km
5M	158.1km	424.3Km	1.6Mm	5Mm
2G‡	3.2Mm	8.5Mm	31.6Mm	100Mm	2Gm
10G	7.1Mm	19Mm	70.7Mm	223.6Mm	4.5Gm	10Gm
15G	8.7Mm	23.2Mm	86.6Mm	273.9Mm	5.5Gm	12.2Gm	15Gm
50G‡	15.8Mm	42.4Mm	158.1Mm	500Mm	10Gm	22.4Gm	27.4Gm	50Gm
100G	22.4Mm	60Mm	223.6Mm	707.1Mm	14.1Gm	31.6Gm	38.7Gm	70.7Gm	100Gm
250G‡	35.4Mm	94.9Mm	353.6Mm	1.1Gm	22.4Gm	50Gm	61.2Gm	111.8Gm	158.1Gm	250Gm

†36K antenna are additional ground stations which may or may not be upgraded with the KSC DSN. See Difficulty Settings meanings below.

‡2G, 50G, & 250G antenna are part of the KSC DSN, upgraded from the Tracking Station.

Combining antennae

When a craft has multiple, combinable antennae, the antenna's power ratings stack in a way that provides diminishing returns using the following formula:

${\text{Vessel Power}}={\text{Strongest Antenna Power}}\times \left({\tfrac {\text{Sum of Antenna Powers}}{\text{Strongest Antenna Power}}}\right)^{\text{Average Combinability Exponent}}$

The vessel's Average Combinability Exponent is the average of the combinability exponent values of all antennas on the vessel, where each antenna is weighted proportionally to its respective power rating. Note that all antennae and relays have a combinability exponent value of 0.75 except for the Communotron 16 and the Communotron 16S, with values of 1.0 and 0.0 respectively. This means that the Average Combinability Exponent will always be 0.75 for a vessel containing neither of these antennae. For vessels with a Communotron 16 or 16S, the Average Combinability Exponent is calculated:

${\text{Average Combinability Exponent}}={\frac {P_{1}C_{1}+P_{2}C_{2}+\cdots +P_{n}C_{n}}{P_{1}+P_{2}+\cdots +P_{n}}}$

Where:

• $\{P_{1},P_{2},\dots ,P_{n}\}$ are the power ratings of each antenna.
• $\{C_{1},C_{2},\dots ,C_{n}\}$ are the combinability values of each respective antenna.

For example, a vessel with a Communotron 88-88 (100G power, 0.75 combinability) and also a Communotron 16 (500k power, 1.00 combinability) would have the following as its Average Combinability Exponent:

${\frac {(100\times 10^{9})\times 0.75+(500\times 10^{3})\times 1.00}{(100\times 10^{9})+(500\times 10^{3})}}=0.75000125$

Antennae combinability exponent values can be found under "antennaCombinableExponent" in the part configuration files. If the value is missing, the default value of 0.75 is used.

Signal strength

The length of a communication link relative to its maximum range is represented by signal strength. Signal strength for a single-hop link starts at 100% at a distance of zero and decreases as distance increases, down to a signal strength of 0% at the maximum range of the link. The relationship is non-linear: the true value requires plotting the relative distance on a Bezier curve with the keys '0 0 0 0' and '1 1 0 0'. This can be calculated as follows:

• Calculate the relative distance between the vessels (the result should be between 0.0 and 1.0): $x=1-{\frac {\text{Distance From Link Point}}{\text{Maximum Range}}}$
• Substitute the result above into the Bezier curve equation (cubic derivation): ${\text{Signal Strength}}=-2x^{3}+3x^{2}$ or $(3-2x)x^{2}$

The result is the signal strength of the link at the specified distance. Note that the above applies to a single-hop link: if the signal is being bounced through one or more relays, the signal strength is the product of the signal strengths of each link making up the path to the control point.

Example

Calculating the Signal Strength between a Level 3 DSN Tracking Center and a probe around Jool at a distance of 73.4Gm from Kerbin with two Communotron 88-88 antennas:

• Max Power of Lvl 3 DSN connection: $250\,000\,000\,000$

• Max Power of Probe: $100\,000\,000\,000\times \left({\frac {200\,000\,000\,000}{100\,000\,000\,000}}\right)^{0.75}=168\,179\,283\,051$

• Max Range of Connection: ${\sqrt {(2.5\times 10^{11})\times (1.68\times 10^{11})}}=205\,048\,337\,625{\text{m}}$

• Relative distance between Link Points: $1-{\frac {73.4}{205}}=0.642$

• Signal Strength: $(3-2\times 0.642)\times 0.642^{2}=0.707=71\%$

Therefore the signal strength for this connection would be 71%.

Science Transmission

If CommNet is enabled in the difficulty settings, then transmitting science through a connection with high signal strength will give a bonus the transmission efficiency of up to 40% (to a maximum of 100% value). This bonus decreases non-linearly with signal strength. For example, a Gravity Scan from low Jool orbit would give 90*0.4=35 Science if transmitted with CommNet disabled or over a marginal connection, but if transmitted through a connection with an overall strength of 100% would give 90*0.4*1.4=50.4 Science.

Maximum Ranges with 100% Signal Strength

The maximum distance between two antennae that shows no degradation in signal strength ("100%" signal or $\geq 0.995$) may be usefully approximated with this formula: $0.041400\times MaximumRange$ where $MaximumRange$ is calculated according to the first formula in the Range calculation section above. Here are the 100% Ranges that correspond with the Maximum Ranges in that section's table:

	5k	36k	500k	5M	2G	10G	15G	50G	100G	250G
5k	207.0m
36k	555.4m	1.5km
500k	2.1km	5.6km	20.7km
5M	6.5km	17.6km	65.5km	207.0km
2G	130.9km	351.3km	1.3Mm	4.1Mm	82.8Mm
10G	292.7km	785.5km	2.9Mm	9.3Mm	185.1Mm	414.0Mm
15G	358.5km	962.0km	3.6Mm	11.3Mm	226.8Mm	507.0Mm	621.0Mm
50G	654.6km	1.8Mm	6.5Mm	20.7Mm	414.0Mm	925.7Mm	1.1Gm	2.1Gm
100G	925.7km	2.5Mm	9.3Mm	29.3Mm	585.5Mm	1.3Gm	1.6Gm	2.9Gm	4.1Gm
250G	1.5Mm	3.9Mm	14.6Mm	46.3Mm	925.7Mm	2.1Gm	2.5Gm	4.6Gm	6.5Gm	10.4Gm

Other Approximations

One may be satisfied with less than 100% signal strength. Here are a selection of other approximate forms:

• 99.5% $\approx$ 0.04140
• 90% $\approx$ 0.19580
• 80% $\approx$ 0.28714
• 70% $\approx$ 0.36326

Connections through relays

You can use ships with relay antennae to boost a weak signal or to transmit a signal when obstructed by a celestial body. You only need a ship with a probe core, a relay antenna, electricity and ways to generate it. You don't need to focus on your relay ship to relay a signal, it will be relayed automatically.

When considering the antenna power of your vessel, direct antennae and relay antennae combine to give you a 'Power' to calculate signal strength back to the KSC, however, if a different vessel is connecting through you to communicate with the KSC the direct Antennae are disregarded in any calculations made.

Example

• A vessel with a Communotron 88-88 direct antenna and a RA-100 relay antenna orbiting around Eeloo at a distance of 105Gm from the KSC, with a Level 3 DSN, will connect back to the KSC with a signal strength of 48% as both antennae combine to give an increased antenna 'Power' for its own direct connection.

• A vessel rendezvoused with the above craft with a measly Communotron 16 will have to communicate back to the KSC through the relay as its antenna is not strong enough to communicate with the KSC directly. As this small, probe craft will only consider the RA-100 Relay Antenna on the relay craft when calculating its connection back to the KSC, the power rating of the relay vessel drops and therefore the signal strength will drop to 26% (please note the calculations for these numbers have been obfuscated from the example for easy understanding of the concept).

Relaying data does not consume electrical power, in contrast to transmitting science directly from a vessel containing science.

The game always favors a direct connection to Kerbin even if a more powerful relay is nearby.

Relay Networks

Establishing a network of satellites around each planet can permit continuous communication back to KSC even for craft on the far side of the body. A minimum of three relay satellites per body is necessary to ensure continuous coverage. The satellites must be deployed in an equilateral triangle formation along a circular orbit or else there may be black-out periods. The minimum altitude for each satellite is the parent planet's radius, plus the altitude of the tallest peak on the surface. The easiest way to establish such a network is to plot an elliptical orbit for the conveyor, where the apoapsis is the desired altitude for the satellites' circularized orbit and the periapsis is such that the total period is 2/3 the relay period. Thus, each time the conveyor reaches apoapsis it can deploy a relay satellite. Example: To deploy three satellites around Kerbin, an elliptical orbit with altitudes of (2 868 751m , 1 225 553m) has a period of 4 hours, which is exactly 2/3 of 6 hours, which is the period of a circular orbit with an altitude of 2 868 751m.

The chief benefit to establishing these relay networks around the planets is one's missions no longer need to each carry a high-power antenna; in many situations the craft only needs a Communotron 16, or even the intrinsic 5K, and can rely on the relay when entering the target's SOI. All moons can reach their parent planet with nothing more than a HG-5 High Gain Antenna, provided there is a relay network in orbit around the parent planet, so one only needs to worry about calculating connectivity between the planet and KSC. Example: An HG-5 orbiting Pol is strong enough to connect to an RA-15 orbiting Jool, which means a craft operating within Pol's SOI could rely on the intrinsic 5K antenna to maintain a link with KSC via the DSN, rather than being encumbered with a more powerful antenna.

The following table lists minimum antenna power and configurations for each of the planets.

Planet	Maximum Distance from Kerbin	Minimum relay strength for DSN link
		2G	50G	250G
Moho	18 862 978 560m	177 905 980 078📡	7 116 239 204📡	1 423 247 841📡
		( RA-100 @ 2 ) + ( RA-15 @ 2 )	RA-15	RA-2
Eve	23 530 851 643m	276 850 489 523📡	11 074 019 581📡	2 214 803 917📡
		RA-100 @ 4	RA-15	RA-2 @ 2
Duna	35 383 029 419m	625 979 385 433📡	25 039 175 418📡	5 007 835 084📡
		Not possible	RA-15 @ 2	RA-2 @ 4
Dres	60 360 893 643m	1 821 718 740 691📡	72 868 749 628📡	14 573 749 926📡
		Not possible	RA-100	RA-15
Jool	85 812 078 643m	3 681 856 420 517📡	147 274 256 821📡	29 454 851 365📡
		Not possible	RA-100 @ 2	RA-15 @ 3
Eeloo	127 149 553 456m	8 083 504 472 031📡	323 340 178 882📡	64 668 035 777📡
		Not possible	RA-100 @ 5	RA-100

Effects of signal loss

Depending on your difficulty settings, several effects occur when the CommNet signal is lost, either from the KSC or a probe control point. This could be due to either electricty loss, out of CommNet range, or an antenna destruction. There is also a setting where you can force the signal to blackout when entering a body's atmosphere too fast.

• Manned without a pilot: You will lose the ability to create maneuver nodes, or delete existing ones

• Probe, require control unchecked: Your probe will lose three capabilities : rotation control (roll, yaw, pitch), precise thrust control (only 0 or maximum), and the ability to create or remove maneuver nodes. If your probe is capable of locking a maneuver axis through SAS, it is advised to create a maneuver node before transmission blackout (passing behind a body) to allow the ship to perform the maneuver.

• Probe, require control checked: You will completely lose control of your probe. Either wait for it to go back to a CommNet range, or send a ship with a probe control point capability to do general maneuvers (deploy solar panels, precise control,...).

SAS isn't transmitted by the KSC or a probe control point. If you cannot SAS, either look if your probe is controllable (batteries, CommNet range) or has a pilot onboard. The level of SAS depends on the ship itself (probe SAS levels or pilot level).

Difficulty Settings meanings

Setting	When OFF	When ON	Setting on the difficulty level
			Easy	Normal	Moderate	Hard
Activate CommNet	All ships have full control and can plot maneuver nodes wherever they are. If they have an antenna they can transmit science from anywhere.	Ships behave differently depending on the CommNet status, see below	Off	On	On	On
Required signal for control	When out of range, probe-only ships go into partial control (same as hibernation) where they can only lock to available SAS axis and throttle at 0 or 100%	When out of range, probe-only ships will completely lose control	–	Off	Off	Off
Plasma blackout	Atmospheric re-entry has no effect on CommNet	Atmospheric re-entry lowers the signal strength, you can hover the network icon in the telemetry bar to see how many	–	Off	Off	Off
Range Modifier	The value of this slider is a multiplier value that is applied to the power levels of all antennae		–	1.00	0.80	0.65
DSN Modifier	The value of this slider is a multiplier value that is applied to the power level of the DSN Network		–	1.00	1.00	1.00
Occlusion Modifier, Vac	The value of this slider is a multiplier value that is applied to the effective size of atmosphereless bodies that can block signals between antennas.		–	0.90	1.00	1.00
Occlusion Modifier, Atm	The value of this slider is a multiplier value that is applied to the effective size of bodies with atmospheres that can block signals between antennas.		–	0.75	0.85	1.00
Enable Extra Groundstations	Only one ground station has DSN: the Kerbal Space Center. Other groundstations have a default antenna rating of ~36k*.	Kerbin has many groundstations that share the Tracking Station's DNS rating.	–	On	On	On

• Based on circumstantial evidence, the default DSN disabled groundstation antenna rating is approximately 36k, but CommNet prefers extra hops to the DSN on Kerbin, if a signal path is available.

The CommNet ranges of DSN disabled groundstations are:

	5k	500k	5M	2G	10G	15G	100G
36k	13.42km	134.16km	424.26km	8.49Mm	18.97Mm	23.24Mm	60Mm

Tutorials, Calculators and Examples

A Google Sheets document that can help calculate Signal Strength and Ranges for you can be found here: CommNet Signal Strength Calculator & Antenna Selector

An interactive tool for visualizing signal strength depending on planetary positions can be found here: KSP Visual Calculator

Example orbits for setting up a planetary network can be found at: Tutorial:Ideal Orbits for Communication Satellites

One method of setting up a full-system network can be found at Tutorial:Setting up a CommNet system.