Radiator

The radiators are special devices that can cool other parts of a craft, consuming a small amount of electric charge when operating.

They dissipate heat into space (radiative) and atmosphere (convective). To do this efficiently, they make themselves hotter by transferring heat in, but they self-limit to avoid overheating to destruction. Their efficiency can be limited by ambient conditions, but for many uses it is constrained more by arbitrary functional caps. They are essential for maintaining resource harvester and converter cores at their optimal thermal efficiencies.

Variants

• Rigid, fixed Panels, only cool the part they are directly attached to, and parts directly connected to that part.
• Deployable Thermal Control Systems (TCS), take heat from every part of the vessel (as if plumbed in with a cooling fluid loop). Like the deployable Solar Panels, these automatically rotate depending on the relative direction of Kerbol, but turn edge-on to minimise their exposure to the sun's radiation. They all have "Tracking Speed: 0.1". While deployed, they will break off under 2.5kPa of dynamic pressure - moving too fast through a fairly thick atmosphere (e.g. ~67m/s at sea level on Kerbin, edge toward motion). Unlike the fixed panels, no other parts can be attached to these.

Image	Part	Radial size	Cost ()	Mass (t)	Max. Temp. (K)	Tolerance (m/s)	Tolerance (g)	Deployable	Electricity (⚡/s)
	Radiator Panel (edge)	Radial mounted	450	0.03	2 500	12	50	No	0.025 (1.5 ⚡/min)
	Radiator Panel (small)	Radial mounted	150	0.01	2 500	12	50	No	0.025 (1.5 ⚡/min)
	Radiator Panel (large)	Radial mounted	450	0.05	2 500	12	50	No	0.025 (1.5 ⚡/min)
	Thermal Control System (small)	Radial mounted	450	0.05	2 500	12	50	Yes	0.025 (1.5 ⚡/min)
	Thermal Control System (medium)	Radial mounted	2 250	0.25	2 500	12	50	Yes	0.125 (0.1 ⚡/sec)
	Thermal Control System (large)	Radial mounted	9 000	1.0	2 500	12	50	Yes	0.5 (0.5 ⚡/sec)

Operation

To begin functioning, "Activate Radiator" must be selected from a panel's right click interface, or "Extend/Retract Radiator" for the thermal control systems, which also deploys them. Alternatively these functions can be bound to action groups, with the "Toggle Panels" option allowing a single action group to start and stop many radiators simultaneously.

Function

Radiators only remove heat from the inside of parts (which constitute the vast majority of their thermal capacity), not their skin, which may be at a very different temperature. Heat may be accumulated from external sources (e.g. re-entry or sunlight from Kerbol) or be generated by reaction engines or the cores of resource harvester drills or converters, while they are active.

Cooling Specifications

All radiators:

• "Transfer Rate: 10%".
• "Cools up to 4x part temp".

Image	Part	Core Heat xFer (kW)	Max Cooling (kW)
	Radiator Panel (edge)	150	2 234
	Radiator Panel (small)	50	1 048
	Radiator Panel (large)	200	3 644
	Thermal Control System (small)	50	3 139
	Thermal Control System (medium)	250	19 494
	Thermal Control System (large)	1 000	85 077

Core cooling (of drills and converters) is primarily limited by a radiator's "Core Heat xFer" (transfer) stat. This is always a small fraction of what a radiator can actually dissipate, under most circumstances, indicated by the "Max Cooling" figure.

Core Cooling

To maintain an active drill or converter core at optimal thermal efficiency, radiators must provide enough unused Core Heat Transfer capacity to fulfil the "Required Cooling" stat, shown below:

Image	Part	Required Cooling (kW)	Max Cooling(kW)
	'Drill-O-Matic Junior' Mining Excavator	50	50
	'Drill-O-Matic' Mining Excavator	100	100
	Convert-O-Tron 125	100	75*
	Convert-O-Tron 250	200	200

(*) The Convert-O-Tron 125 is a special case - it can not be maintained at optimal thermal efficiency because its "Max cooling" cap of 75kW is below it's required cooling (100kW). With the help of radiators, it will still reach equilibrium, albeit a little hotter than the optimal 1000K. This is possible because core heat production scales down at higher core temperatures, as the thermal efficiency drops off.

Also note, for both Converters, that the required cooling figure is per active conversion mode, with each unit able to have any, or all, of their four ore conversion modes active at the same time. Hence the Convert-O-Tron 250's required cooling can also exceed its maximum permitted (e.g. 3 modes will produce 600kW of core heating).

Changes

1.1

• "Fixed" radiators now also need to be activated before they start working.