Asparagus staging
Asparagus staging is a method to build very efficient rockets.
The idea is that you create a rocket with a lot of parallel rocket engines with fuel tanks on top of them. All engines ignite at the same time. The trick, however, is that each rocket engine isn't depleting its own tank, but they are all draining their fuel from the two outmost tanks. When these are depleted, the outmost tanks with their engines are decoupled and the next fuel tank takes over which is still completely full. The result is that the rocket always flies with the minimum number of tanks required to transport the fuel it has left while also constantly using all engines it has on board.
This concept can be realized through fuel ducts which connect the stages in the order they will be dropped. It exploits the fact that engines will always take their fuel from the most distant fuel tank available.
The stock vessel "Kerbal X" demonstrates this technique.
Current Disadvantages
The biggest disadvantage of this technique is the complexity of building it. While building one layer of 6 fuel stacks connected to the central stack by asparagus is relatively easy, higher payloads will require more layers of fuel stacks and struts, and this overally makes this technique challening and laggy(due to the high part count)
Another disadvantage is that rockets utilizing this design are generally unaesthetic and unrealistic, which also results from attaching many SAS modules, the lack of nosecones(due to their negative impact on performance).
These disadvantages can be solved by installing rocket part mods that provide fuel tanks and engines of larger sizes, allowing you to achieve equal performance with less parts, more stability and better looks.
Future Disadvantages
Asparagus staging benefits a lot from the inaccurate way KSP is modeling atmospheric drag in the current version (0.18.4). Currently, each part of a vessel generates drag proportional to its mass, regardless of how it is placed and how much of its surface area is exposed to the direction of the airflow (yes, that means all the Aerodynamic Nose Cones you put on your rockets just slowed them down even more). The developers have already announced that the aerodynamic model will be made more realistic in future versions, which will likely mean that the wide, flat designs of asparagus-staged crafts will generate a lot more atmospheric drag than slimmer designs with vertical staging.
The new atmospheric drag model is unlikely to make asparagus staging completely obsolete as there is a planned real-life rocket which uses this method with one stage [1], but it will likely make it a lot more challenging to create aerodynamic crafts which use this technique excessively.
