Tutorial:Returning From Eve

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Because of the extreme difficulty concerning any return attempt from Eve, I have decided to write a separate tutorial.

Returning from Eve

Despite being the closest planet relative to Kerbin, it is extremely difficult to get a lander back into orbit around Eve. Additionally, you must overcome Eve's large gravity well in order to successfully return home, requiring even more Delta-V. As a result, many Kerbals have been lost in attempts to investigate their distant neighbor.

Though getting your crew home from the surface of Eve is extremely difficult, it's not impossible.

Specifications

  • Length: 1–3 hours
  • Difficulty: Very Hard
  • For version: 0.20

Additionally, you will need a good understanding of orbital mechanics (see Tutorials section), angles, and a lot of patience. Some knowledge about aerobraking and Advanced Rocket Design might also be useful. Ships described below don't feature lauch vehicle, so any experience in building them is desired.

Method 1 : Rendezvous and Crew Transfer

Mission profile

It's a kind of interplanetary expedition rather than a simple round trip. In my opinion the easiest way is to send lander without crew and return rocket with 2 Kerbals. They'll meet for the first time in Eve orbit, then one daring pilot will take seat in the lander and fly a historic mission!

Designing your Landing Rocket

Ascent rocket will use asparagus staging (see Tutorials) with Upper and Middle Stage in a core and multiple Booster stages grouped in pairs.

Tutorial's example rocket including probe and some electiricty equipment

Upper Stage

This stage has to get above the atmosphere and accelerate itself to orbital velocity. It's important to keep it as lightweight as possible. First choose is a command pod. The best idea is to put single Kerbal in a EAS-1 External Command Seat. Next (but much worse) would be Mk1 Lander Can. I recommend first option and a following stage design:

Warning: the above rocket is doomed to fail as of 1.0 due to the new aerodynamics. A rocket will get much farther if it has a Nose cone or a more aerodynamic command pod (such as a Mk1 Command Pod or even a heavier-but-pointier Mk1 Cockpit).

Middle Stage

This stage will propel the ship through middle atmosphere (20 km-35 km). It's engine should be activated with all lower stage boosters and fed from their tanks:

Booster Stages

There are two possible ways to build them. One is to use 2xFL-T800 Fuel Tank and LV-T30 Liquid Fuel Engine. Second is: FL-T400 Fuel Tank, FL-T800 Fuel Tank and Toroidal Aerospike Rocket. They have very similar performance but I think aerospikes are better because they lower ship's drag coefficient. A potentially better design could employ The basic rocket will have 3 pairs of aerospike boosters attached around the core stack.

Additional Equipment

You may also need parachutes and landing gear.

As of version 1.0, one can launch and land the landing rocket with empty liquid fuel tanks, a Convert-O-Tron_250, a 'Drill-O-Matic' Mining Excavator, and an electric power source. The latter three can be used to fuel the ship after landing and then left behind on Eve's surface. This greatly reduces the weight of the upper stage for the first part of the mission, although ascent from Eve is still equally difficult.

If you want to send lander alone to Eve, add somewhere a probe.

Designing Transfer Vehicle

Although it's not very challenging to send the lander in one launch, it may be easier to split ship into two parts. First will be the lander itself with decoupler below the center engine and Clamp-O-Tron Sr. Docking Port (remember about struts). The second could be simple Rockomax Jumbo-64 Fuel Tank and a couple of (for example 4) nuclear engines with this big docking port on top. Last thing to do is to launch them into Kerbin orbit, then dock and send to Eve. To dock together they'll of course need some RCS.

Designing your Return Rocket

Assuming that we sent ascent rocket alone the return rocket could be as simple as this:

Such rocket has Delta-V of almost 6 km/s which is enough for departing Kerbin's orbit, Eve capture, rendezvous with ascent ship and then return to Kerbin.

Landing on Eve

Example lander has Delta-V of about 11 km/s. Now it's all depends on the landing site elevation (the higher the better). To find suitable place you can use http://www.kerbalmaps.com/ or send earlier some scout probes or even better - a rover. With this type of design, to calculate needed Delta-V you can use results from my tests:

  • 9500 m/s from 4,7 km elevation
  • 10000 m/s from 3.9 km elevation
  • 10700 m/s from 3 km elevation

That leads to inaccurate rule of thumb that every 1 km lower, adds 700 m/s to the needed velocity change. Although I managed to return from 555m above sea level having 11.3 km/s (with different design), with only 3 pairs of boosters we should not land below 3 km, just for safety.

  • Note that adding another 3 pairs can bring landing site to below 1 km at the expense of complicated design.

Once you got in stable orbit around Eve you can meet with return ship and transfer a pilot to the lander (via EVA). Then using transfer stage deorbit the lander to chosen landing site and then detach it. During descent get rid of the bottom docking port (if used). When below 20 km open first pack of chutes - the Mk25 Parachute. To reduce stress wait until 'Drogue' chutes full deploy, and then open first half of radial chutes. Once they deploy at 500m open the rest. If it seems you'll land faster than about 6–8 m/s you can make slight burn prior to the touchdown. When on the surface you can detach all those parachutes.

Ascending from Eve

Before attepmting to takeoff - a quicksave.
Now throttle up to 100%, detach landing gear, and as-quick-as-you-can point the rocket straight upwards and turn on SAS. If failed to do so, rocket sooner or later will flip. This will also happen if you try to move it before dropping all those boosters. Only things now are to drop spent stages and maybe control your velocity trying not to exceed terminal velocity (see Eve#Atmosphere).
Start your gravity turn between 30 and 35 km with ~70deg of pitch - at this time ship should be running out of fuel in the Middle Stage. When your apoapsis'll raise above 80 km you can pitch down to ~20deg and keep looking both on fuel and apoapsis.
Once having apoapsis above the atmosphere (~100 km), cutoff the engine and plan manoeuver to circularize orbit.

Rendezvous with Recovery Vehicle

Now if you managed to return from Eve surface rendezvous should be piece of cake. You can either adjust return ship's orbit to make a rendezvous or fly with the lander (if you have some fuel left). When the distance falls below 1 km or less, you can EVA the lander pilot to return ship (after bringing relative velocity near to 0).

Interplanetary Transfer back to Kerbin

Delta-V needed for returning to Kerbin is:

  • ~1400 m/s - departure from 100 km orbit
  • ~400 m/s - worst case plane change

So exactly 1800 m/s would be suitable (the presented return rocket have much more). Calculations are accurate when planets are properly aligned - Kerbin should be aboud 36 degree ahead of Eve (for details see http://ksp.olex.biz/).
After ~42 days, the most daring adventure will end up with reentry and safe splashdown.

Technical notes

  • If you decided to use Mk1 Lander Can as a pod in this example rocket, note that safe landing elevation raises to 4,5 km (with 3 pairs of boosters) and ~2,3 km (with 6 pairs).
  • If using more than 3 pairs of boosters, 24 parachutes may not be enough. Also Transfer Stage may became too weak.

Method 2 : Single Rocket Landing and Return

Mission Profile

This could be called 'direct ascent'. Although much more complicated, it's possible. After all, it's all the matter of how many hardware can we bring down to Eve's surface.

Rocket Design

You can use rocket from first method. Now you would use Mk1 Lander Can with parachute on top and the Upper Stage must have 1800 m/s left after the ascent. That means lander should use 6 pairs of boosters, and this allow for landing about 5 km above sea level.

Special Considerations

It may be tempting to use PB-ION Electric Propulsion System since it's far more efficient and solar panels produce more energy on Eve. But the ejection burn will occur on the night side and could last about an hour.

Further Goals

  • Consider sending a rover and use it as a moving base on the surface. You could then land on the hills and drove down to the coastline
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