Tutorial:RemoteTech2

RemoteTech 2 is a mod for KSP that modifies remote operations of unkerballed probes by requiring the probes to have a telecommunications link back to Mission Control. Thus, to operate drones efficiently the player needs to set up a satellite network to relay and maintain communication with their probes. As a natural corollary, transmissions of science reports will also require a comms link back to the KSC.

The communications delay ,as per the speed of light, is also simulated. This could be a mere irritating 0.5s delay near Kerbin SOI, or a perilous 10-minute delay in interplanetary missions. To combat this, RemoteTech2 also provides advanced flight computers that can execute premeditated commands on mark.

This tutorial seeks to inform the player on the details of this challenging mod, and to give pointers as to how to set up a functional relay network for the Kerbin system, and further interplanetary operations.

Specifications

• Length: 45 minutes for "First Steps"
• Difficulty: Advanced - This tutorial will assume you can already get a rocket in to orbit without Remote Tech 2 and are familiar with basic orbital mechanics.
• For version: KSP 1.02 and higher and RemoteTech v1.6.5.

Introduction: Antennae and Links

First we need to understand the changes RemoteTech made to the existing probe/antenna mechanics. Simply put, two parties, can only communicate directly and remotely, if and only if both of them can reach each other with their own antenna, and is not blocked by any celestial objects. This is known as forming a link, bidirectional and unbroken. In practice, the link does not need to be point-to-point direct, other parties can come in and help relaying the signal. Thus, a satellite relay network that could do just that is highly desirable, and the properties of the pertinent antenna/celestial object is always a primary concern.

There are two types of antennae - omnidirectional and directional(a.k.a. dish). Omnidirectional antennae can broadcast in every direction, tend to be very compact, and are typically light both in weight and power usage. They however lack the range for anything beyond low orbit communications. Dish antenna have far greater range, able to communicate within and among planetary systems. But they must be targeted to function, are power intensive and comparatively unwieldy.

At the very beginning, the only antenna we have is (somewhat) safely hidden in Mission Control, it is omnidirectional and has a range of 75Mm. This is enough to reach the LKO, Mun, Minmus, and then some. But the problem is, KSC is on one side of Kerbin and those links will be broken once line of sight is gone, likely on a daily basis at best.As we progress in career mode, we will acquire more options to better our literally nominal 'network'.

It is recommended to set up a satellite network after the Electrics topic is researched.

Types of Communication Links

• Forward Link. A link from ground control to a mobile receiver.
• Reverse Link. The reverse of a forward link.
• Kerrestrial Link. A link among parties near the surface.
• Uplink(UL). A link that is going toward a satellite network, or away from the surface of the pertinent celestial body.
• Downlink(DL). The reverse of a uplink.
• Inter-Satellite-link(ISL). A link among a satellite network, this can form the backbone of said network.
• Planetary-Link(PL). A link among sub-systems within a planetary system, such as Kerbin to Mun, or Mun to Minmus communication.
• Inter-Planetary-Link(IPL). A link among planetary systems across the solar system.

Antennae Specification Table

Manufacturer	Model	Type	Range	Uses
Reflectron	DP-10	Omni	.5Mm	Atmospheric flight(including launch and landing) near KSC, Kerrestrial links, short range drone comms, relay network for smaller-than-Moho celestial objects (This includes the Mun and Minmus)
Communotron	16	Omni	2.5Mm	Relay network for smaller-than-Jool celestial objects (Including Kerbin)
CommTech	EXP-VR-2T	Omni	3Mm	KEO uplink above KSC, straight upgrade to the Communotron 16
Communotron	32	Omni	5Mm	High Kerbin/KEO relay network, luxury omnidirectional coverage
Comms	DTS-M1	Dish	50Mm	Lightweight planetary system comms(Kerbin-Minmus reach), Joolian relay network
Reflectron	KR-7	Dish	90Mm	Atmospheric flight within downlink range, planetary system comms(Kerbin-SOI reach)
Communotron	88-88	Dish	40Gm	Lightweight interplanetary comms(Kerbin-Duna reach), Solar relay network near Duna orbit(Sun-Dres Reach)
Reflectron	KR-14	Dish	60Gm	Heavy-duty interplanetary comms(Kerbin-Dres reach), Solar relay network near Dres orbit(Sun-Jool Reach)
CommTech	1	Dish	350Gm	Heavy-duty Solar system wide comms
Reflectron	GX-120	Dish	400Gm	Luxury lightweight Solar system wide comms

Maximal Altitude Table for an Initial Kerbin Satellite Network

The following table shows the maximal and minimal altitude for a given set of evenly spaced satellites each rigged with a low tech antenna for interlink purposes on a Kerbin equatorial orbit.

Interlink Antenna	3 sat.	4 sat.	Comment
(Minimal Altitude)	600km	249km	Caused by Kerbin Geometry
Communotron 16	843km	1,167km	3-sat-sys. of this is the cheapest option overall
Comms DTS-M1	28,267km	34,755km	If the one hour night time is not an issue, the 3-sat-sys. of this can grant full Mun coverage with additional DTS-M1 as outbound antennae.
Reflectron KR-7	51,361km	63,039km	As there is little advantage to orbit this high, the KR-7 is sub-optimal for interlink purposes

First Steps

The first build-able antenna we'll get is the Communotron 16, henceforth referred to as the C-16 for brevity, and is acquired upon researching Engineering 101(2nd tier topic). The C-16 is omnidirectional, as we know, that means it does not need to be pointed at any direction to connect. This is useful for 2 reasons: one, this means a single C-16 can connect multiple signals with ease; and two, with less power cost per connection. On the other hand, the C-16 snaps under dynamic pressure, making it ill-suited for launching or landing purposes. The C-16 also have a limited ranged of 2,500km, but that is more than enough to cover Kerbin.

Despite its sufficient range, prior to any additional research, the C-16's only use at this point is to transfer scientific data nearby back to KSC. Which could speed up science gain if used properly.

The next available antennae are the Reflectron DP-10, unlocked by Flight control(4th tier topic); and the Comms DTS-M1, unlocked by Basic Science(another 4th tier topic), along with Stayputnik Mk. 1, the first available probe core.

The DP-10 is also omnidirectional, but has a even more limited range of 500km, it could form a 4-sat. network around the Mun and Eeloo, and a 3-sat. network for anything smaller, like Minmus. But it is difficult to form a network around Kerbin with the DP-10. Nonetheless, the DP-10 is built to withstand dynamic pressure, making it perfect for launching purposes. It could even work for landing operations, but the probe will need to be precision landed near KSC or any connected ground installations (or, 'in uplink range'). For convenience, the DP-10 is activated by default, and the power cost for DP-10 is negligible, so it is always preferable if range is not an issue.

The DTS-M1 is the first available dish antenna, as we know, that means to be used effectively they will need to be directed at a celestial body or craft. Although we do have the option to order dish antennae to cover currently active craft. They are also power-intensive and has greater range. Specifically, The DTS-M1 consume power at a rate 6-fold of that of C-16. But the DTS-M1 has a range of 50Mm, capable of reaching Minmus.

With the C-16, DP-10, and DTS-M1, we can now build a fully functional, fully unkerballed satellite network whose signal could reach Minmus. However, those satellites won't last very long, as we likely have no access to any solar panels yet, meaning the satellites can only last as long as the amount of their Z-100 batteries allow.

This is why the player is advised to only consider making communication satellites once they have gotten the Electrics topic unlocked(5th tier topic)...

Relay Satellites

Once the Electrics topic is unlocked, the OX-STAT Photovoltaic Panels will now be available, a far superior option to stuffing our satellites with batteries, which will still run down quite quickly powering several antennae. On a positive side note, this will also unlock the Reflectron KR-7 dish, which has even more range than the DTS-M1 and isn't as fragile, so we can switch it on on the launch pad. More importantly, once our relay network is up, the KR-7 will grant control to a probe during Kerbin landing, without the need of precision landing in uplink range, unlike the DP-10.

With 4 antennae at our disposal and the knowledge of power generation, we can finally start with our satellite network! Our aim here is to put at least 3 relay satellites in Kerbin orbit so that we can bounce the signal from the KSC to anywhere around Kerbin, and, if we are feeling ambitious, to the Mun and Minmus.

We'll want our satellites to have the following 5 capabilities, in addition to a rocket able to reach the designated orbit:

1. Control during launch. This can be a launch worthy antenna such as the DP-10 or KR-7(initial uplink), or alternatively a kerballed lower stage, which will allow a pilot to grant SAS. KR-7 is only recommended here if it also acts as an outbound antenna. But it's hard to go wrong with DP-10 here.
2. Connection to KSC in orbit(orbital uplink). Here, all 4 antenna could be viable, depending on the orbital altitude of course, but the most power conserving option is the humble C-16.
3. Connection among the network(interlink). Again, all 4 antenna could do if the height is right. But a omnidirectional antenna will be very economical here, power wise. This is especially true if the omnidirectional antenna also covers the previous item. So the C-16 gets another recommendation here.
4. Connection to desired locations(downlink). Unless we are content with mere Kerbin coverage, we will want either/both of the dish antenna for the job. DTS-M1 has a shorter reach but lighter, whereas KR-7 has almost double the range but weighs half a tonne, on top of being not very aerodynamic. Although both takes the same amount of power. So the decision here depends upon our delta-v budget and desired reach.
5. Enough power generation and storage. The night time of a given orbit needs to be considered here, the higher the orbit, the longer the night.

The possibilities here are endless, we could build a very economical 3 satellite network that uses C-16 for KSC and network connection, plus one or more dish antenna(e) each for further relays, at an altitude between 600km and 843km. Alternatively, we could--if power demand is not an issue-- use the dish antennae instead and build a network at keostationary orbit.

Here's an example of the latter if you get stuck:

Spoiler:

Needs more solar panels?

An upper stage of two FL-T400 Fuel Tanks attached to an LV-909 Liquid Fuel Engine. A middle stage of two FL-T400s attached to an LV-T30 Liquid Fuel Engine and the first stage consisting of 6 FL-T400/LV-T30s attached with TT-38K Radial Decouplers. There are of course many other ways of designing this rocket, this is just an example if you get stuck. Note the single DP-10, 3 DTS-M1s and at least one KR-7. This rocket will just about reach KEO with a well executed ascent through the atmosphere, though a lower orbit will do.

Launch your first satellite over the KSC. As you leave the atmosphere, target one of your DTS-M1s at Mission Control and activate it. Remember you'll lose contact with the KSC if you go over the horizon, so make sure you get in to a stable parking orbit before then, or burn immediately for your target altitude, which should keep you more or less above the KSC. Circularise its orbit and that satellite is done for now.

Launch your second satellite to the same altitude and target one of its DTS-M1s at Mission Control, and a second at your first relay satellite and activate them. Switch to your first relay satellite and target one of its DTS-M1s at your second satellite and activate it to make the link bidirectional. If your second satellite ends up close to your first, then you can leave its periapsis a little low when circularising at apoapsis; this will leave it with a slightly shorter orbital period than the first satellite, and it will move ahead of it a little each orbit. Once you're happy with its position relative to the first, burn to finish circularising your orbit. The most important thing is to get the satellites at matching altitudes, otherwise they'll drift relative to each other.

Launch your third and final satellite, link it with the other two satellites (and them back to it) and mission control and place it in an orbit to make a triangle with the others. Hopefully your satellites now look something like this in the Tracking Station:

If so, congratulations, you've made your first set of relay satellites!

Finally, switch to each of your satellites and target one of their KR-7s to Active Vessel and activate it. This will automatically keep one of their dishes targeted at whichever ship you're currently controlling.

Next Steps

Now that you've got your first set of satellites equipped with KR-7s, you can control a probe almost anywhere in the Kerbin sphere of influence. Equip any probe with 3 KR-7s and point them at your relay satellites and activate. Your relay satellites will already target one of their KR-7s at your probe because you set it up to target your active vessel. Despite their appearance, KR-7s don't need to be physically faced towards the target. You should now be well set to send a probe to the Mun. There are still two places your communications network can't reach, and that's directly behind the Mun and Minmus, so make sure you plan your route so you don't need to make a burn when behind them.

If you're doing your first Mun probe without the Electrics topic unlocked then you'll be using DTS-M1 or Communotron-16s for your long range communications. This has the unfortunate problem that these antennae will burn up on reentry, causing you to lose control of your probe and be unable to open parachutes or fine tune your landing. You can solve this problem two ways:

• Perform any actions required for landing, such as opening chutes and deploying landing legs in the upper atmosphere. KSP doesn't simulate reentry heating, so your parachutes won't be destroyed.
• Re-enter within 500 km of the KSC. This will allow your DP-10 antenna to link with the KSC and keep control of the probe.

While your probe to the Mun will likely only have 0.1s or so signal delay, a probe around Minmus can easily end up with around 0.5s signal delay, which is enough to become noticeable. Be careful when landing or docking when that far out, because fine control movements can be difficult.

If you want perfect coverage around Kerbin, including behind the Mun and Minmus, you can launch a further set of satellites out beyond their orbit, which will allow you to bounce a signal out and back behind them, or deploy a set of satellites around the Mun and Minmus like you did around Kerbin.

Going Interplanetary

Your KR-7s can talk to any satellite in Kerbin's sphere of influence, but they won't reach much beyond that. For that you'll need to unlock the Reflectron KR-14, with its 60 Gm range. The KR-14 can reliably reach Moho, Eve and Duna and just about reach Dres, but it can't reliably reach Jool. To reach Jool and Eeloo you'll need to unlock the Reflectron GX-128 or CommTech-1 with massive 350 Gm+ ranges. Remember links need to be bidirectional, so you'll need the strong antenna on the probe you send AND launch some satellites in to Kerbin orbit with the strong antenna on them to relay between the probe and the KSC.

Other than needing the more powerful antennae, once you send probes to interplanetary distances the signal delay will reach several minutes, making interactive control of your probe unfeasible. To make burns you'll need to use the Flight Computer, which comes with every probe core and can be accessed with the calculator icon next to the signal delay display. The simplest way to execute a burn with the flight computer is to create a maneuver node with the maneuver you want, instruct the computer to NODE, which will pre-orient the spacecraft in the burn direction of the next maneuver node, then EXEC to schedule a burn of the correct length at the correct time. By clicking the >> icon you can see the commands being sent to the probe and the time it'll take for them to get there. Signal delay affects most operations on your probe, such as using science instruments, ejecting a stage, extending solar panels, etc. If something doesn't seem to have worked, check the flight computer to see if your command has been delayed.

Remember that you'll lose contact with your probe while on the far side of the planet from Kerbin. You can solve this problem by stationing a satellite in high orbit over your destination planet (either send it as a second craft or decouple it from your main craft) to bounce a signal off.

Landing probes on a planet with minutes of signal delay can be extremely difficult. Planets and moons with atmospheres are easier because you can use parachutes for the final descent, making control inputs unnecessary, or at least less important. Remember to take in to account the time delay of the command to open your chutes. Landing on planets and moons without atmospheres is likely to be an exercise in frustration, but killing your surface horizontal velocity and instructing your flight computer to hold the spacecraft directly up while applying a constant burn to slow your descent may work.

Remote Mission Control

Once you unlock the Large Probes topic you'll get access to the RC-L01 Remote Guidance Unit. This probe core is special because it contains a Command signal processor, which allows a ship equipped with it to act as remote Mission Control to any probes connected to it, however to do this the ship must also be crewed by 6 or more Kerbals. The main advantage of this is that a command ship can control probes near it with very little signal delay, even if far from Kerbin. Note that transmitting science results back to Kerbin still requires a link to the KSC.

Related Links

• Tutorial: Basic Probe And Satellite Building