Difference between revisions of "Tutorial: ISS"

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{{Quote|"It's fantastic. I can't say how much this means to all of us."|Robert Cabana|first person to enter the ISS }}
 
{{Quote|"It's fantastic. I can't say how much this means to all of us."|Robert Cabana|first person to enter the ISS }}

Latest revision as of 21:32, 12 June 2023

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“ "It's fantastic. I can't say how much this means to all of us."

— Robert Cabana, first person to enter the ISS

”

Welcome to my first tutorial! Here, we will try to re-enact one of the most important space programs: the International Space Station(ISS/MKC)

All of the designs are based on actual modules and rockets. Of course, I can't do it perfectly, but I am trying my best. Also, I am doing it without any mod parts, but I suggest using the part welder plugin to reduce lag.

This article is in need of images for visual representation and supplement of which would be greatly appreciated

Vocabulary list

With LPA as α and object in sky as P

Just so you know, some terms I am using here :

  • Zenith - top side of the ship; usually oriented away from the orbited body.
  • Nadir - bottom side of the ship; usually oriented towards the orbited body.
  • Port - left side of the ship
  • Starboard - right side of the ship
  • Front - front side/end of the ship
  • Aft - back side/end of the ship
  • LPA - launch phase angle; angle between the vector of the launching rocket and the line drawn from the launchpad to another object in sky


Construction sequence

Part Launch Vehicle Diameter (m) Mass (Metric tonnes)
Zarya (FGB) Proton-K 4.1 19.3
Unity (Node 1), PMA-1 & PMA-2 US Shuttle 4.57 11.6
Zvezda (Service Module) Proton-K 4.15 19.1
Z1 Truss and PMA-3 US Shuttle 4.2 8.8
P6 Truss & SolarArrays US Shuttle 4.9 15.8
Destiny (US Laboratory) US Shuttle 4.27 14.5
External StowagePlatform-1 US Shuttle
Canadarm2 (SSRMS) US Shuttle .35 4.9
Quest (Joint Airlock) US Shuttle 4 6.1
Pirs (Docking Compartment and Airlock) Soyuz-U 2.55 3.6
S0 Truss US Shuttle 4.6 14
Mobile Base System US Shuttle 2.9 1.5
S1 Truss US Shuttle 4.6 14.1
P1 Truss US Shuttle 4.6 14.0
ESP-2 US Shuttle 4.9 2.7
P3/P4 Truss & SolarArrays US Shuttle 4.9 15.9
P5 Truss US Shuttle 4.6 1.8
S3/S4 Truss and SolarArrays US Shuttle 4.9 15.9
S5 Truss and ESP-3 US Shuttle 3.9 12.6
Harmony (Node 2) Relocationof P6 Truss US Shuttle 4.48 14.3
Columbus (European Laboratory) US Shuttle 4.5 12.8
Dextre (SPDM) Japanese Logistics Module (ELM-PS) US Shuttle 4.4 4.2
Japanese PressurizedModule (JEM-PM)JEM Robotic Arm (JEM-RMS) US Shuttle 4.4 15.9
S6 Truss & SolarArrays US Shuttle 73.2 x 10.7 15.9
Japanese ExposedFacility (JEM-EF) US Shuttle 4.1
Poisk (MRM-2) Soyuz-U 3.7
ExPRESS LogisticsCarriers 1 & 2 US Shuttle
Cupola and Tranquility (Node 3) US Shuttle 4.25 (Node3) 2.95 (Cupola) 12.2
Rassvet (MRM-1) US Shuttle 5.1
Leonardo (PMM) and EXPRESS Logistics Carrier 4 US Shuttle 9.9
Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, OBSS and EXPRESS Logistics Carrier 3 US Shuttle 6.7
Nauka (MLM) EuropeanRobotic Arm Proton-M 20.3
Nodal Module (UDM) Soyuz 2.1b 4.0
Science-PowerModule-1 Proton-M
Science-PowerModule-2 Proton-M
BigelowExpandable Activity Module Falcon 9

Some of the parts of the station like the Nodal Module have not yet been launched.

Rockets

Proton Rocket family - Russian Launchers

The proton rocket family had 7.4 meter diameter fuel tanks but we do not so I just used 4 large sized tanks to make the diameter 7.5 meters but however this causes problems as it has nothing surrounding the small tanks, so I used a few Modular Girder Segment XL to connect the boosters to the inner part. Since all the rockets in the Proton rocket family are so similar they will be used interchangeably in this tutorial.

Ship Design

This is the layout for the Rockomax Jumbo Tanks to make a Proton family rocket. The black lines are just for reference.

STS - Space Shuttle

This is the American launcher. I'm trying to make a replica that is flyable and dockable. Unfortunately, it used a mechanical arm to dock modules, a thing we don't have. Alternatively, you could use the stock Learstar A1, which closely resembles the Shuttle. The Learstar still needs some items (such as the parachute) which aren't on the craft. The Learstar, however, also includes cargo bays which make it easier when transporting cargo.

Ship Design

Orbiter
External tank and solid rocket booster

Falcon 9 - SpaceX rocket

The Falcon 9 was developed by SpaceX and resupply the ISS with the Dragon capsule. The payload in real life is supplies but as kerbals need no supplies to live you can use it to send up fuel, solar arrays, science, or a tug. SpaceX is developing the Falcon Nine to be reusable. The first stage will fly back to the launch pad while the second stage is doing an orbit and then return to the launch pad. The Dragon capsule is along with the Soyuz the only vehicle to return back to Earth intact after the retirement of the Space Shuttle.

Ship Design

Soyuz Rocket

A Soyuz rocket is another Russian rocket used to launch the manned Soyuz craft mainly but was also used to launch the Pirs docking compartment and airlock.

Ship Design

Spacecraft

Progress - resupply ship

Progress is an unmanned Russian resupply ship the routinely sends up supplies to the station as kerbalnauts need no food you can send up fuel and/or spare parts.

Ship design

  • You can add an extra fuel tank(s) or solar arrays if you want to actually send up stuff and not just let it be there. The three adapters are meant to look like progress and are NOT meant to do anything.

Soyuz - Russian/International Crew Transfer Vehicle

A soyuz can carry three Cosmonauts to the station at a time.

Ship Design

Cygnus - Orbital Sciences Resupply Ship

Cygnus is a craft made by Orbital Sciences contracted by NASA. It is launched by the Antares rocket.

Ship Design

Dragon - SpaceX Resupply Ship

Dragon is launched by SpaceX with their Falcon 9 rocket.

Ship Design

Station Parts

Zarya - 1A/R

Zarya (Dawn in Russian) or FGB (Functional Cargo Block) was the first module of the ISS. FGB Zarya initially provided flight control as well as electricity and fuel supplies. Now, it is mostly used for storage. It is the connection between the Russian and American side of the station.

Ship Design

Zarya before launch
Statistics
Mass (full) 13.02 t
Δv (vacuum) 1 081 m/s

Front to aft (1st-level bullets indicate the body; 2nd-level indicates radially-mounted parts):

The Mission

The original Zarya launch happened on November 20, 1998. I can't find the original orbital information The module was placed on a Low Earth Orbit, which usually corresponds to 160 to 2000 km. The current ISS orbit is 402 km PE × 424 km AP with a 51.6° orbital inclination. So, if you want to make it good, launch as usual, with a gravity turn starting at 10 km. Turn towards 38.4 degrees (the 51.6 inclination). Continue until you reach 424 km apoapsis, then burn there to get 402 km periapsis. I'll have to test myself if it's possible with the current Proton-K design It is possible to achieve this orbit with precise flying or an autopilot. It leaves 60% of 3rd-stage fuel and a full on-station tank.

When you have the stable orbit, open the solar panels and the antennas. Move the station to orient it the good way (the one radial docking port facing the Earth; the HubMax towards your prograde vector). Transfer any fuel or electricity (if you are in the dark zone) then either undock the third stage or keep it until the Zvezda mission.

There you go, the ISS begins to exist!

Unity - 1A

Unity as seen in VAB
Statistics
Mass (full) 3.79 t

Unity, also known as Node 1, is the first American-only module on the ISS. It is basically a connector between many parts of the station. It was delivered with two PMA (Pressurized Mating Adapters), one that is permanently placed between Zarya and Unity, and the second has moved many times since its installation.

Ship Design

I can't really simulate the PMA's, because they aren't straight but a bit tilted. Here's what I did:


NOTE: : I made a little mistake, because the PMAs are supposed to be moveable. Check lower for info.

Mission Phases

The original launch happened 2 weeks after deployment of Zarya, on December 4, 1998.

Launch

For my launch, I had to use the Proton-K launcher, because there isn't any solid fuel boosters as powerful as was used by the Space Shuttle. It had two boosters, each at 12.5 MN while the Rockomax booster has only 300 kN (2.4%).

Try your best to put it on the same orbit as Zarya. If you have an auto-pilot, use the "Launch to rendezvous" function. If not, try to send it with Zarya at a 45 degree LPA. Once again, the orbit is 424 km AP × 402 km PE.

Rendez-vous

Check the tutorials on rendezvous and docking if you don't know how to. The goal is to attach one of the PMA ends (front or aft, they're symmetrical) to the Hubmax (front end). You may need to switch between vessels to put them in the right diretions.

They connected!
Unity connected to Zarya

On the actual mission, there were 3 EVA's to connect cables between the modules, and once to enter the ISS. As of 0.19.1, you can only do that last point. If you brought any Kerbonauts, put them in EVA and let them enter the Hitchhiker. After some time, get them back on what's left of your launcher.

Landing on Kerbin

I didn't use a manned pod, so I just dropped the launcher with as less fuel left as possible. Instead, try to return the Kerbonauts on the last stage of your Unity launcher. You can pump the fuel from the Zarya launcher if it's still docked; you'll also need the aft docking port of Zarya for the next mission.

What now

Possibly a lunar base? Let your imagination run wild!

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